青藏高原土壤湿度对中国夏季降水与气温影响的敏感试验     

沈丹  王磊 《气象科技》2015,43(6):1095-1103

青藏高原为全球气候变化中的敏感区域。利用WRF3.5.1中尺度模式,选取青藏高原为关键区域,设计干、湿土壤湿度两组敏感试验,以探讨青藏高原土壤湿度异常对中国夏季短期区域气候产生的可能影响。结果表明：模式模拟的短期区域气候对土壤湿度十分敏感,湿土壤导致东北、内蒙古东北部以及华东地区降水增多,与此同时,全国大部分地区气温下降,且各地区表现较一致;干土壤导致西北、华北、华中以及西南除四川西部以外的地区降水减小,全国气温除华中地区以外,普遍升高。湿土壤对降水主要表现为正反馈作用,对气温表现为负反馈作用。干土壤则反之。  相似文献   

大气气溶胶光学厚度信息在林火检测中的应用研究     

张婕  张文煜  王研峰  范广洲  韩婷婷  刘海文 《高原气象》2015,(3):797-803

由于现有MODIS火点检测算法对不同区域和不同季节的适应能力有限,因此需要关注复杂地表条件下对森林火灾伴生烟羽的识别问题,以提高明火点和低温焖烧火点的检测精度。本文基于烟羽扩散对大气气溶胶分布产生的影响,通过提取火灾区域的大气气溶胶光学厚度信息来描述区域内潜在火点的烟羽扩散特征,作为判识火点的辅助手段。利用MODIS资料,借助暗像元法通过6S模式反演了多个火点及周围区域的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD),并对明火点和低温火点在不同扩散范围和不同方位角条件下AOD的累积效应对烟羽的敏感性进行实验。结果表明,利用暗像元法反演出的AOD能明显地表征火灾伴生烟羽的分布特征,指示烟羽扩散方向及大致扩散范围。当以火点为中心,取32位方位角,扩散半径为10 km时,下风向与上风向的AOD累积效应差异最为显著,其累积值之比均10,对烟羽检测最为敏感。由此建立烟羽识别条件,为判识火点提供辅助依据,有效规避了MODIS火点检测算法对离散火点,特别是低温火点的漏判。  相似文献   

中国内陆高原地区典型雷暴过程的地闪特征及电荷结构反演   总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6  

张廷龙  郄秀书  袁铁 《大气科学》2008,32(5):1221-1228

利用2002年夏季在青海省大通县进行的雷暴及闪电综合观测实验中所获取的6站GPS同步闪电电场变化资料,对8月4日一次下部具有大范围正电荷区的典型性雷暴过程的雷电特征进行详细研究。利用点电荷模式对16次负地闪和2次正地闪所包含的共65次回击所中和电荷源进行的非线性最小二乘法拟合研究发现,负地闪所中和的负电荷距离地面的相对高度在3~5 km,而两次正地闪所中和的雷暴云电荷在5~6 km的高度,表明该雷暴云呈三极性电荷结构。负地闪单次回击所中和电荷量平均为1.48 C,而两次正地闪都为单次回击且中和的电荷量分别为1.37 C和2.68 C。  相似文献   

冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴静  刁一娜  庄绪宗 《气候与环境研究》2016,21(5):577-585

利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1948/1949~2012/2013年的逐日再分析资料,从年际变化和季节内演变两种时间尺度分析了冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系。结果表明,从年际变化角度,东亚冬季风综合指数(EAWMII)与冬季乌拉尔山阻塞频数显著相关,且两者的线性趋势与周期一致。当乌拉尔山阻塞频繁发生时,对流层中层西伯利亚反气旋异常,东亚大槽加深;对流层低层表现为贝加尔湖及东亚沿岸北风显著加强,中亚和东亚大部分地区地表温度降低,东亚冬季风较常年加强。乌拉尔山阻塞的由强盛到崩溃的过程对应着西伯利亚高压由加强到减弱东移的季节内演变,850 h Pa风场对应为异常北风由贝加尔湖以北逐渐影响至低纬度菲律宾以东的演变特征。  相似文献   

Characteristics and simulation of lightning current waveforms during one artificially triggered lightning     

Q. Zhang  X. Qie  Z. Wang  T. Zhang  Y. Zhao  J. Yang  X. Kong 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):387-392

In the summer of 2005, one negative lightning flash was artificially triggered in Shandong Province (117°48′ E, 37°42′N), middle latitude region of eastern China. The flash included 10 return strokes, and the geometric mean value of the current peak was 11.9 kA (the average value was 12.6 kA) with a maximum of 21.0 kA and a minimum of 6.6 kA, similar to the subsequent return strokes in natural lightning. The geometric mean value of half peak width was 39 μs (the average value was 40 μs), which was much larger than the usual result. Based on the Diendorfer and Uman (DU) model, the return-stroke current waveforms and charge distribution along the lightning channel are discussed. The simulated current waveforms, being divided into breakdown and corona current components, are in agreement with the optical measurements when the two different discharge time constants are properly chosen.  相似文献   

华北地区一次强灰霾污染的天气学效应   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

杨雨灵  谭吉华  孙家仁  王莉莉  王学远  张元勋  瞿群  赵伟 《气候与环境研究》2015,20(5):555-570

利用在线耦合的大气化学模式WRF-Chem V3.6(Weather Research Forecasting Model with Chemistry Version 3.6)及环境、气象观测数据,在完成大气化学方案优选的基础上,研究了华北地区一次重霾污染过程(2013年2月15~17日)对气象条件的反馈作用。重点关注一次颗粒物、无机气态成分和挥发性有机污染物的人为排放对PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)生成的贡献,探讨了由此引发的气象条件的变化。模拟结果显示,上述3种人为源的综合排放对华北地区PM2.5浓度的平均贡献率为91.27%,其中对北京、秦皇岛和沧州的贡献率分别达96.9%、95.9%和97.2%。这使区域地面太阳向下短波辐射降低近15.99%,区域平均地面辐射强迫达-26.51 W m-2,由此导致地面温度下降0.14°C(3.68%),逆温增强,垂直温度梯度(?T/?z)升高0.026 K km-1,边界层高度降低18.92 m(8.77%),平均风速减少约0.014 m s-1(0.35%),相对湿度绝对值升高0.51%,地面平均气压降低0.86 Pa。对于15~17日污染过程,人为源综合排放的气溶胶对短波辐射的影响在天气过程中占主导地位,对边界层高度的影响较大,但不起主导作用,对温度、风速、相对湿度、气压的作用则远小于天气系统本身。挥发性有机污染物(Volatile Organic Compounds,VOCs)作为二次有机气溶胶(Secondary Organic Aerosol,SOA)的前体物,其人为排放对SOA浓度的贡献率约为99.6%。同时,VOCs通过调整大气反应活性促进无机气态成分向无机盐转化,它对硫酸盐和硝酸盐浓度的贡献达50%以上。然而,VOCs对整个PM2.5浓度的贡献不及各种源综合贡献的1/4。人为排放的VOCs对气象场的反馈与综合排放的作用基本一致,但对地面气压的影响VOCs排放时以热力因子为主,而人为源综合排放时以动力因子为主。上述结果暗示,灰霾污染过程所引发的气象条件向不利于污染物扩散方向改变,这可能促进污染物的局地累积、增强污染程度并延长区域内重污染的持续时间。因此,在探讨区域性灰霾污染成因时,灰霾自身通过辐射强迫作用对大气的调节是不可忽视的重要影响因素。  相似文献   

Physical and biological patterns,processes and variability in the northeast Pacific     

《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(24):2405-2408

  相似文献   

Using a Modified Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme (MSPAS) to Study the Sensitivity of Land Surface and Boundary Layer Processes to Soil and Vegetation Conditions     

LIU Shuhu  YUE Xu  LIU Huizhi  HU Fei 《大气科学进展》2004,21(5):717-729

1. Introduction In our previous paper, MSPAS (Modi?ed Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Scheme) was fully introduced andthe e?ectiveness of the model was also well proved (Liuet al., 2004). In this paper, some sensitivity experi-ments are performed to test the sta…  相似文献   

Atmospheric Disturbances that Generate Intermittent Turbulence in Nocturnal Boundary Layers     

Jielun Sun  Donald H. Lenschow  Sean P. Burns  Robert M. Banta  Rob K. Newsom  Richard Coulter  Stephen Frasier  Turker Ince  Carmen Nappo  Ben B. Balsley  Michael Jensen  Larry Mahrt  David Miller  Brian Skelly 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(2):255-279

Using the unprecedented observational facilities deployed duringthe 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99),we found three distinct turbulent events on the night of 18October 1999. These events resulted from a density current,solitary wave, and internal gravity wave, respectively. Our studyfocuses on the turbulence intermittency generated by the solitarywave and internal gravity wave, and intermittent turbulenceepisodes associated with pressure change and wind direction shiftsadjacent to the ground. Both the solitary and internal gravitywaves propagated horizontally and downward. During the passage ofboth the solitary and internal gravity waves, local thermal andshear instabilities were generated as cold air was pushed abovewarm air and wind gusts reached to the ground. These thermal andshear instabilities triggered turbulent mixing events. Inaddition, strong vertical acceleration associated with thesolitary wave led to large non-hydrostatic pressure perturbationsthat were positively correlated with temperature. The directionaldifference between the propagation of the internal gravity waveand the ambient flow led to lateral rolls. These episodic studiesdemonstrate that non-local disturbances are responsible for localthermal and shear instabilities, leading to intermittentturbulence in nocturnal boundary layers. The origin of thesenon-local disturbances needs to be understood to improve mesoscalenumerical model performance.  相似文献   

Nocturnal Low-Level Jet Characteristics Over Kansas During Cases-99   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

R.M. Banta  R. K. Newsom  J. K. Lundquist  Y. L. Pichugina  R. L. Coulter  L. Mahrt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(2):221-252

Characteristics and evolution of the low-level jet (LLJ)over southeastern Kansas were investigated during the 1999 Cooperative Surface-AtmosphereExchange Study (CASES–99) field campaign with an instrument complement consisting of ahigh-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL), a 60 m instrumented tower, and a triangle of Dopplermini-sodar/profiler combinations. Using this collection of instrumentation we determined thespeed U_X, height Z_X and direction D_X of the LLJ. We investigate here the frequencyof occurrence, the spatial distribution, and the evolution through the night, of these LLJcharacteristics. The jet of interest in this study was that which generates the shear and turbulencebelow the jet and near the surface. This was represented by the lowest wind maximum.We found that this wind maximum, which was most often between 7 and 10 m s¹,was often at or just below 100 m above ground level as measured by HRDL at the CASEScentral site. Over the 60 km profiler–sodararray, the topography varied by 100 m. The wind speed anddirection were relatively constant over this distance (with some tendency for strongerwinds at the highest site), but Z_X was more variable. Z_X was occasionally about equal at allthree sites, indicating that the jet was following the terrain, but more often it seemed to berelatively level, i.e., at about the same height above sea level. Z_X was also more variable thanU_X in the behaviour of the LLJ with time through the night, and on some nights $U_X wasremarkably steady. Examples of two nights with strong turbulence below jet level were furtherinvestigated using the 60 m tower at the main CASES–99 site. Evidence of TKE increasing withheight and downward turbulent transport of TKE indicates that turbulence was primarilygenerated aloft and mixed downward, supporting the upside–down boundary layer notion in thestable boundary layer.  相似文献